Operations against Plymouth

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Operations against Plymouth [April-May 1864]
 

The Civil War Operations against Plymouth was a Confederate effort to recapture vital Southern forts and ports on the North Carolina coast. The resounding Confederate victory at the battle of Plymouth added immense ordnance stores to the Southern war effort and reopened the Roanoke River for Confederate commerce and military operations. Next, the Confederates progressed the Albemarle Sound in an attempt to recapture New Bern (spelled New Berne at the time).

Operations against Plymouth
General Robert F. Hoke.jpg
General Robert F. Hoke

"The Operations against Plymouth consisted of the following battles: Battle of Plymouth and Battle of Albemarle Sound."
 
(Right) Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke and the Operations against Plymouth. Hoke resumed command of his brigade at Petersburg, Virginia, in January 1864, and led it south to North Carolina, where he organized attacks on the coastal towns of New Bern and Plymouth. In the latter engagement on April 17, Hoke captured a garrison of 2,834 Union soldiers. The Confederate Congress voted May 17 to extend its "Thanks" for the action of Hoke and his men at Plymouth. Hoke was promoted to major general on April 23, 1864 (ranking from April 20), and assumed command of what was known as Hoke's Division in the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia.

NC Coast Map (Roanoke River)
Roanoke River Map.gif
Courtesy Microsoft MapPoint

Civil War Battle of Plymouth
Battle of Plymouth Historical Marker.jpg
(Click to Enlarge)

During the spring of 1864 the Confederate authorities decided on a bold campaign that was designed to capture some of the towns held by the enemy in eastern North Carolina. Brig. Gen. R. F. Hoke, known for his brilliant battlefield successes, was selected to command the expedition. He took with him his own, Ransom's, Terry's Virginia brigade, the Forty-third North Carolina Regiment, of which the distinguished citizen, Thomas S. Kenan, was colonel, and several batteries of artillery, assisted by CSS ram Albemarle operating in the Roanoke River.


"I have stormed and captured this place [Plymouth], capturing 1 brigadier, 1600 men, stores, and 25 pieces of artillery." Brigadier General Robert F. Hoke, April 20, 1864*

Operations against Plymouth
Operations Against Plymouth.jpg
(Civil War North Carolina Coast)

Operations against Plymouth
North Carolina Coast Civil War Map.jpg
Battle of Albemarle Sound

Plymouth, North Carolina, was captured on 20 April 1864, by four Confederate brigades under the command of Maj. Gen. Robert F. Hoke, aided by the CSS Albemarle. Hoke intended to follow up his victory by mounting an attack on New Bern.
 
Unlike most Civil War ironclads and rams, which were built in the traditional shipyard, the CSS Albemarle was constructed in a Southern cornfield. 
 
The CSS Albemarle left Plymouth on 5 May 1864, and, due to the damage sustained in the battle of Albemarle, was forced to abandon its objective of New Bern and thus returned to Plymouth. The CSS Albemarle and her two guns had faced a massive Union fleet that totaled sixty guns.

North Carolina Civil War Map of Battles
North Carolina Civil War Map of Battles.gif
(North Carolina Coast and the Civil War)

"On the 23d of April, 1864, at Weldon, N.C., I assumed command of the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia. It included Virginia south to the James and Appomattox, and all that portion of, North Carolina east of the mountains. The War Department was closely engaged at that time with certain operations against Plymouth and New Berne, from which great results were expected at Richmond, but about which the enemy was not much concerned, as the main object of his campaign could in no wise be affected or seriously disturbed by such a diversion.” G. T. BEAUREGARD, GENERAL, C.S.A.

Operations against Plymouth
Operations against Plymouth.jpg
Battle of Albemarle Sound

Union Army burn Washington, N.C.
Burning of Washington.jpg
(Historical Marker)

The fall of Plymouth led to the Federal evacuation of Washington, N.C., on the 28th of April, 1864. (See Battle and Siege of Washington.) On the evacuation, the town [Washington] was burned by Federal troops. [Union] General Palmer, in an order condemning the atrocities by his troops, used these words: "It is well known that the army vandals did not even respect the charitable institutions, but bursting open doors of the Masonic and Odd Fellows' lodge, pillaged them both and hawked about the streets the regalia and jewels. And this, too, by United States troops! It is well known that both public and private stores were entered and plundered, and that devastation and destruction ruled the hour." (Official Records, XXXIII, p. 310)


General Hoke next moved against New Bern, and Roman says: "General Hoke had already taken the outworks at New Bern and demanded its surrender; when in obedience to instructions from Richmond, General Beauregard sent him a special messenger (Lieutenant Chisolm, A.D.C.) with orders to repair forthwith to Petersburg, no matter how far his operations might have advanced against New Bern....No time was lost in carrying out the order." (Roman's Life of Beauregard, II, p. 199, Note.)


The anticipated Union attack on the Confederate capital of Richmond had warranted Hoke's immediate assistance. His withdraw and advance was to be "made with all haste," stated General Robert E. Lee, who had received his instructions directly from President Jefferson Davis.


*D. H. Hill, Jr., Confederate Military History Of North Carolina: North Carolina In The Civil War, 1861-1865, p. 174, places the number at "nearly 3,000 men and 25 pieces of artillery," which would be the entire Federal garrison. It appears that Hoke's preliminary report, dated April 20, 1864, is quoted by many authors and historians, but, since the entire garrison had surrendered, the number of "nearly [less] 3,000" would include the after battle report, less Confederate casualties. On page 193, furthermore, Hill, quoting Colonel Henry Burgwyn of the 26th North Carolina, states: "Capturing Plymouth...with some [at least] 2,500 prisoners." Both Confederate and Union official reports and records also place the Union total between 2,500 and 3,000.

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Operations against Plymouth [April-May 1864]
 

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